HISTORICAL TIMELINE
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
The established historical facts behind the birth of Jesus.
Determining the date of Jesus’ Birth
Most determine the approximate year of Christ’s birth based on the estimated date of Herod’s death. This creates multiple problems.
A prominent date of Herod’s death is often considered 4 BC, making the researcher investigate celestial signs around 6 or 7 BC. However, if Jesus died when he was 32 years and 6 months old, that would put the date of his death at 27 AD, which we know is not accurate.
We can eliminate the conflict in determining the date of Herod’s death by working backward from the well-established, accepted date of Jesus’ death and his earthly lifespan — that being 30 AD being 33 years old.
Josephus
Josephus said Herod died between a lunar eclipse and Passover that year. While there was a partial lunar eclipse before Passover in 4 B.C., there was a total lunar eclipse before Passover in 1 B.C. Knowing that Herod would have died between January 10, 1 B.C. (the date of the total lunar eclipse) and April 11, 1 B.C. (the date of Passover that year).
Josephus dates Herod’s death by three events:
Five days after the execution of his son Antipater
Thirty-four years after he “obtained his kingdom” (i.e., conquered Jerusalem and had its Hasmonean king, Antigonus, killed).
Thirty-seven years after “he had been made king by the Romans.”
Herod’s reign started in the year of the 184th Olympiad, which ended in midyear 40 B.C. During that time period, a king’s reign would start counting on the first full year of reign. Herod’s first full year of reign would have been 39 B.C. minus (after) 37 years (full complete years) of reign would put his death just after the completion of 2 B.C. at the start of the year of 1 B.C.
The Journey
The Magi’s Journey from the Parthian Capital to Bethlehem.
The Distance
TOTAL JOURNEY
940 Miles
57 Days
Depictions of the Nativity often show the three wise men with camels arriving while Jesus was only hours old. This erodes the validity and believability of the Biblical narrative.
First: More than three.
They would have never traveled alone, especially if they had been “kings,” or most likely Magi or “wise men” — representatives from another country. They would have traveled in a caravan. They would have had at least one guard (or someone who knew how to defend themselves) and one guide (someone who was experienced in traveling) — our story explores a group of individuals who help the Magi reach Jesus.
Logistics
When you have a group, everything is complicated: food, supplies, accomodations, etc. It also slows down how much territory you can cover in one day’s time. Add to that the terrain and inexperience.
For comparison, the Roman Empire’s fastest courier could only travel 100 to 150 miles a day using frequent horse changes or relaying messages from one courier to the next — a 7-to-10-day trip.
Camels average three miles per hour. Combined with being in a caravan, the approximate distance per day would be 15-18 miles a day on flat terrain. During a decline in elevation, that could increase to 24 to 27 miles a day.
Travel time
Since they were traveling during winter time, daylight was short. No one wants to be setting up camp or cooking food in the dark. With a maximum of 10 daylight hours in November, we estimated approximately six hours of travel time per day, not including breaks.
The Itinerary
October 27
Leaving the capital (Ctesiphon or modern-day Madain, Iraq): 21 miles / 7 hours
October 28
Stay at Gaspar’s brother’s estate
October 29
From Gaspar’s brother’s estate to the Euphrates: 18 miles / 7 hours
October 30
Up the Euphrates to Al-Fallujah, Iraq: 19 miles / 6 hours
October 31
Al-Fallujah to Habbaniyah, Iraq: 16 miles / 6 hours
November 1
Habbaniyah, Iraq to Ramadi, Iraq. Resupply: 24 miles / 7.5 hours
November 2
Ramadi, Iraq to Abu Teban, Iraq: 24 miles / 9 hours
November 3
From Abu Teban, Iraq to Hit, Iraq: 13 miles / 5 hours
November 4
Camp on the side of the Euphrates: 17 miles / 6 hours
November 5
Sjamiya Jaba, Iraq: 15.5 miles / 5 hours
November 6
To Haqlaniyah, Iraq: 18 miles / 7.5 hours
November 7-8
Haqlaniyah, Iraq to Al Rayhanna, Iraq: 17 miles a day / 6 hours a day / 400 ft elevation incline
November 9
Al Rayhanna, Iraq to Rawa, Iraq: 15 miles / 6 hours
November 10-13
Rawa, Iraq to Al Obaidy, Iraq: 16 miles per day / 6 hours a day
New Moon on the 12th
November 14
Al Obaidy, Iraq to Resala, Iraq: 17 miles / 6 hours
November 15
Resala, Iraq to Mari, Syria: 15 miles / 6 hours
November 16
Mari, Syria to Dura Europos: 17 miles / 6 hours
November 17-18
Rest and resupply in Dura Europos
November 19
Leave Dura Europos to Al Asharah, Syria: 18 miles / 6 hours
November 20
Al Asharah, Syria, cross the Euphrates to Al Busayrah, Syria: 22 miles / 7 hours
November 21
Al Busayrah, Syria to Deir ez-Zur, Syria: 27 miles / 8.5 hours
November 22
Deir ez-Zur, Syria to Ash Sholah, Syria: 20 miles / 6.5 hours
November 23
Ash Sholah, Syria to Camp in Desert: 22 miles / 7 hours
Full Moon
November 24
Camp to Camp: 22 miles / 7 hours
November 25
Camp to As Sukhnah, Syria: 21 miles / 6.5 hours
November 26
As Sukhnah, Syria to Camp: 15 miles / 6.5 hours
November 27
Camp to camp: 15 miles / 6 hours
November 28
Camp to Palmyra: 12 miles / 5.5 hours
November 29
Stay at Palmyra. Resupply
December 1
Leave Palmyra towards Al Quaryatayn, Syria: 21 miles / 6 hours
December 2
Camp to camp: 21 miles / 6 hours
December 3
Camp to camp: 21 miles / 6 hours
December 4
Arrive at Al Quaryatayn, Syria: 22 miles / 6 hours
December 5
Camp to Camp: 18 miles / 6 hours / Uphill
December 6
Camp to Al-Naseriyah, Syria: 18 miles / 6 hours / Uphill
December 7
An Nasriyah, Syria to Adra, Syria: 30 miles / 9 hours / Downhill
December 8
Adra, Syria to Damascus: 18 miles / 9 hours/ Downhill / New Moon
December 9-10
Stay in Damascus. Resupply.
December 11
Leave Damascus to Zakyah, Syria: 17 miles / 6 hours
December 12
Zakyah, Syria to Kanaker, Syria: 15 miles / 5.5 hours / Uphill
December 13
Kanaker, Syria to Inkhil, Syria: 24 miles / 7 hours / Downhill
December 14
Inkhil, Syria to Naamer, Syria: 19 miles / 6 hours / Downhill
December 15
Naamer, Syria to El Taebah, Syria: 19 miles / 6 hours / Flat
December 16
El Taebah, Syria to Mugayyir as-Sirhan, Jordan: 15 miles / 5 hours / Flat
December 17
Mugayyir as-Sirhan, Jordan to Al-Mafraq, Jordan: 9 miles / 4 hours / Uphill
December 18
Al-Mafraq, Jordan to Az-Zarqa, Jordan: 24 miles / 8 hours
December 19
Az-Zarqa, Jordan to Amman, Jordan: 15 miles / 6 hours
December 20
Amman, Jordan to South Shuna, Jordan: 23 miles / 8 hours
December 21
South Shuna, Jordan to Kfar Adumim, Jordan: 24 miles / 7 hours
December 22
Kfar Adumim to Arrive in Jerusalem: 12 miles / 5 hours
December 23
Stay in Jerusalem / Full Moon
December 24
Jerusalem to Bethlehem: 6 miles / 2 hours